Q. Prokaryotic bacteria cells don't have mitochondria so how is energy released for the cells to use them?
A. Since mitochondria likely evolved from bacteria by endosymbiosis, we can figure out how bacteria can do the things that mitochondria do.
First, the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as do the reactions of the citric acid cycle. The proteins of the electron transport chain are located in the plasma membranes of the bacteria. The protein ATP synthase is also found in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
You can think of the matrix of the mitochondrion as comparable to the bacterial cytoplasm. The inner mitochondrial membrane is equivalent to the plasma membrane of the bacteria.
First, the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as do the reactions of the citric acid cycle. The proteins of the electron transport chain are located in the plasma membranes of the bacteria. The protein ATP synthase is also found in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
You can think of the matrix of the mitochondrion as comparable to the bacterial cytoplasm. The inner mitochondrial membrane is equivalent to the plasma membrane of the bacteria.
What specific strains of bacteria are used in wine production and what are the used for?
Q. I need bacteria only (no other types of organisms) and the specific strains of bacteria and description of them or any sources where I can find the information. Thanks.
A. Wine is primarily made using yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, via alcoholic fermentation. The pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme used by these yeasts to produce ethanol is rare in bacteria, however there are a few bacterial organisms than can carry out alcoholic fermentation.
Zymomonas mobilis is one of the rare species that does possess the pyruvate decarboxylase, and would be able to produce ethanol. It can be isoalted from the Mexcian alcoholic beverage "pulque".
Sarcina ventriculi and Ervinia amylovora are other representative organisms that can produce ethanol from fermentation.
Many lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and clostridia can produce considerable ethanol without the pyruvate decarboxylase. Instead, they convert:
pyruate -> acetyl-CoA -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase.
It has been of high interest to the alcohol industry to find organisms that can produce ethanol under high temperature, to prevent contamination of unwanted organisms. Some bacterial species capable of such alcoholic fermentation at high temperatures include: Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Note that these organisms lack pyruvate decarboxylase and produce considerable acetate and lactate in addition to ethanol.
Hope this helps!
Zymomonas mobilis is one of the rare species that does possess the pyruvate decarboxylase, and would be able to produce ethanol. It can be isoalted from the Mexcian alcoholic beverage "pulque".
Sarcina ventriculi and Ervinia amylovora are other representative organisms that can produce ethanol from fermentation.
Many lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and clostridia can produce considerable ethanol without the pyruvate decarboxylase. Instead, they convert:
pyruate -> acetyl-CoA -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase.
It has been of high interest to the alcohol industry to find organisms that can produce ethanol under high temperature, to prevent contamination of unwanted organisms. Some bacterial species capable of such alcoholic fermentation at high temperatures include: Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Note that these organisms lack pyruvate decarboxylase and produce considerable acetate and lactate in addition to ethanol.
Hope this helps!
How does these different types of bacteria play a role in the nitrogen cycle?
Q. What roles do these bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
1. Free-living soil bacteria
2. Root nodule bacteria
3. Nitrifying bacteria
4. Denitrifying bacteria
1. Free-living soil bacteria
2. Root nodule bacteria
3. Nitrifying bacteria
4. Denitrifying bacteria
A. Free living soil bacteria does ammonification.root nodule bacteria fix nitrogen.nitrogen fixing bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate.dinitrifying bacteria reduced ammonia to atmospheqic nitrogen
What is the best method to know when bacteria is dying, or the best method to count bacteria in a petri dish?
Q. To clarify, if bacteria is in two petri dishes, and I add two different chemicals detrimental to the bacteria, what is the best way to tell which chemical is killing the bacteria fastest? Thanks!
A. I would suggest a method similar to that used in testing antimicrobial susceptibility. (1) Impregnate an known similar concetration of your chemical each on its own paper disk. (2) spreas your bacteria evenly on appropriate medium. (3) stamp the chemical disks on top of medium and incubate at 37 degrees for a day. (4) measure the zone of inhibition (area surrounding chemical disk with no bacterial growth). The larger the area, the more effective the chemical.
N.B. there may also be issues of chemical diffusion etc.
N.B. there may also be issues of chemical diffusion etc.
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