Q. Prokaryotic bacteria cells don't have mitochondria so how is energy released for the cells to use them?
A. Since mitochondria likely evolved from bacteria by endosymbiosis, we can figure out how bacteria can do the things that mitochondria do.
First, the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as do the reactions of the citric acid cycle. The proteins of the electron transport chain are located in the plasma membranes of the bacteria. The protein ATP synthase is also found in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
You can think of the matrix of the mitochondrion as comparable to the bacterial cytoplasm. The inner mitochondrial membrane is equivalent to the plasma membrane of the bacteria.
First, the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as do the reactions of the citric acid cycle. The proteins of the electron transport chain are located in the plasma membranes of the bacteria. The protein ATP synthase is also found in the plasma membrane of bacteria.
You can think of the matrix of the mitochondrion as comparable to the bacterial cytoplasm. The inner mitochondrial membrane is equivalent to the plasma membrane of the bacteria.
What specific strains of bacteria are used in wine production and what are the used for?
Q. I need bacteria only (no other types of organisms) and the specific strains of bacteria and description of them or any sources where I can find the information. Thanks.
A. Wine is primarily made using yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, via alcoholic fermentation. The pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme used by these yeasts to produce ethanol is rare in bacteria, however there are a few bacterial organisms than can carry out alcoholic fermentation.
Zymomonas mobilis is one of the rare species that does possess the pyruvate decarboxylase, and would be able to produce ethanol. It can be isoalted from the Mexcian alcoholic beverage "pulque".
Sarcina ventriculi and Ervinia amylovora are other representative organisms that can produce ethanol from fermentation.
Many lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and clostridia can produce considerable ethanol without the pyruvate decarboxylase. Instead, they convert:
pyruate -> acetyl-CoA -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase.
It has been of high interest to the alcohol industry to find organisms that can produce ethanol under high temperature, to prevent contamination of unwanted organisms. Some bacterial species capable of such alcoholic fermentation at high temperatures include: Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Note that these organisms lack pyruvate decarboxylase and produce considerable acetate and lactate in addition to ethanol.
Hope this helps!
Zymomonas mobilis is one of the rare species that does possess the pyruvate decarboxylase, and would be able to produce ethanol. It can be isoalted from the Mexcian alcoholic beverage "pulque".
Sarcina ventriculi and Ervinia amylovora are other representative organisms that can produce ethanol from fermentation.
Many lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and clostridia can produce considerable ethanol without the pyruvate decarboxylase. Instead, they convert:
pyruate -> acetyl-CoA -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase.
It has been of high interest to the alcohol industry to find organisms that can produce ethanol under high temperature, to prevent contamination of unwanted organisms. Some bacterial species capable of such alcoholic fermentation at high temperatures include: Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Note that these organisms lack pyruvate decarboxylase and produce considerable acetate and lactate in addition to ethanol.
Hope this helps!
How does these different types of bacteria play a role in the nitrogen cycle?
Q. What roles do these bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
1. Free-living soil bacteria
2. Root nodule bacteria
3. Nitrifying bacteria
4. Denitrifying bacteria
1. Free-living soil bacteria
2. Root nodule bacteria
3. Nitrifying bacteria
4. Denitrifying bacteria
A. Free living soil bacteria does ammonification.root nodule bacteria fix nitrogen.nitrogen fixing bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate.dinitrifying bacteria reduced ammonia to atmospheqic nitrogen
How do the beneficial bacteria in your body survive when we take antibiotics?
Q. We have some good bacteria, like in our intestines, that we need. But antibiotics kill all types of bacteria. How do the good bacteria survive?
A. The majority of them do. The intestines host an absolutely enormous population of bacteria, primarily in the large intestine and below. You would have to take very large doses of antibiotics for quite some time to kill everything in there.
Even then, the overwhelming majority of bacteria in the human intestines are members of a genus called Bacteroides, which are -very- resistant to most conventional antibiotics, and produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes, which locally inactivates a wide range of compounds.
The basic gist of it is that these bacteria are present in large numbers, are not completely killed off, and have a population doubling time of usually around an hour and change, so if they're killed, they grow back quickly.
It's also important to remember that not all antibiotics affect all bacteria, and that those 'good' bacteria are a very frequent source of opportunistic infections, UTIs and the like when they get into places they're not supposed to be.
Even then, the overwhelming majority of bacteria in the human intestines are members of a genus called Bacteroides, which are -very- resistant to most conventional antibiotics, and produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes, which locally inactivates a wide range of compounds.
The basic gist of it is that these bacteria are present in large numbers, are not completely killed off, and have a population doubling time of usually around an hour and change, so if they're killed, they grow back quickly.
It's also important to remember that not all antibiotics affect all bacteria, and that those 'good' bacteria are a very frequent source of opportunistic infections, UTIs and the like when they get into places they're not supposed to be.
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